geographical location:
Golestan province is located in the northern part of the country, which has a 438 km land border with Turkmenistan from the north (the nearest city of Hasanqoli) and a 90 km water border with Semnan province from the south, North Khorasan province from the east, and Mazandaran province from the west. The Caspian Sea is limited.
Weather and climate:
Out of 13 known climates in the world, Golestan province has 8 humid temperate climates, Mediterranean temperate climates, dry temperate climates, mountainous temperate climates, mountainous cold climates, dry cold climates, semi-arid and dry climates. The average annual rainfall is 470 mm and the surface and underground water potential is 2485 million cubic meters. In terms of topography: 21 meters to 3945 meters, Shahavar Mountain has beautiful landscapes such as mountains, plains, beaches, deserts, forests, pastures, and numerous wetlands with extensive ecotourism capabilities.
Golestan is the new name of the historical land, which was called Gorgan state until the 7th century of Hijri, and after that until the beginning of the 10th century, it was called Estrabad, and in the writings of the early Islamic era, it was called (Jorjan) and from March 1316, it was called Gorgan. This province was a part of Mazandaran province until 1376, but in that year it became an independent province and Gorgan city was chosen as its center. Most of the current cities of the province do not have much delay and were created from the expansion of villages, and in other words, they are considered as villages and cities. However, the cities of Gorgan and Gonbadkavus have their roots in history. The villages of Golestan province are concentrated and close to each other. These villages are located along the roads and rivers in a long way and in the mountainous parts in a stepped way.
People
The population of Golestan province is one million, 868,819 people according to the results of the general population and housing census of 2015, of which 995,615 are urban residents, 871,546 are rural people, and 1,658 are non-residents. The highest population density is in Gorgan with 297.4 people and the lowest in Marawa Tepe with 19 people per kilometer.
Many ethnic groups live in this province, including Turkmen, Persian speakers, Sistani, Baloch, Turks (Azerbaijani and Qazalbash), Mazandarani and Kazakhs.
Persians are divided into two groups, natives and immigrants. Native Persians mostly speak Gorgani, Katuli and Mazandarani dialects. Most of the immigrants to the province are Sistani, Baluch, Semnani and Khorasani. Farsi speakers mostly live in the center and south of the province and Mazandarani live in the villages of the western half of the province. Azeris live in Gonbad Kavos city and Cossacks in Golestan province live mostly in Gorgan.
Turkmens live in the eastern, central and northern parts of the province, as well as in the center of the province, they are Sunni and speak Turkmen language.
Country divisions
This province has 14 cities, namely Azadshahr, Agh Qola, Gorgan, Gonbadkavos, Bandar Turkman, Gomishan, Ramian, Kordkoi, Bandargaz, Aliabad Katul, Galikesh, Kalaleh, Marave Tepe and Minodasht, 27 districts, 33 cities, 60 villages and 1049 villages. is.
Population based on the results of the 1395 census
Ways of communication
Golestan province is connected to Sari, Savadkuh, Garmsar and Tehran through the national railway (northern railway) from Gorgan city to Turkmen port. Every year, due to the good location of the province on the route of travelers going to Mashhad from Mazandaran province, it receives thousands of Iranian tourists.
Golestan province has more than five thousand kilometers of main and secondary roads.
Historical background of the province
The historical background of this land dates back to 7 thousand years ago and in the Paleolithic era in the Kiaram cave located in the village of Farang, Galikash district. New researches have shown that the Gorgan region has housed a pre-Aryan civilization since 6,000 years ago. The oldest Neolithic artefacts of Iran were found in the Belt Cave and Hito Cave near Behshahr. These works tell about the familiarity of the people of that time with pottery, the art of weaving, domesticating animals such as mountain goats and making polished stone tools. The excavations of Turangtepe, near Gorgan, have also shown that this area had densely populated villages, massive pottery and an agricultural irrigation network, and its longevity is at least as long as the burnt city in Sistan. The name of this land is mentioned in the Achaemenid inscriptions, including the inscription of Darius in Biston, in the form of Varganeh, and in the Pahlavi inscriptions in the form of Gorkan.
Greek historians have mentioned it with the name of Hyrcania. Dariush Achaemenshi's father was once the ruler of this region. The Gorgani horsemen were always in the attention of the Achaemenids, and Darius included some brave Gorganis in the Immortal Corps. It is said that the ancient city of Esterabad was built by Xerxes in memory of his Jewish wife, whom he named Esther (star). During the time of Ordwan II Parthian (124-128 BC), Hyrcania and Karmania (Kerman) were under the rule of the Gouders family, and Gouders' successors managed it independently until the second century AD.
This land with good weather was one of the spring and summer resting places of Parthian kings. It was during this period that the construction of the Great Wall of Gorgan, which is wrongly known as Alexander Dam, began to prevent the Huns from invading Iran. The work of building this wall, whose length is written from 155 to 170 and sometimes 300 kilometers, was also followed in the Sassanid period and it is said that Anushirvan ordered its reconstruction.
During the Sassanid period, strong buildings were built on the border and everywhere in the region to withstand the invaders. After the rise of Islam, this region became a tribute to the Muslim Arabs in 35 lunar year. During the reign of Suleiman bin Abdul Malik, Yazid bin Mehlab conquered Gorgan province in 98 lunar year and the city of Jurjan became the seat of Jurjan province after that. This city became very prosperous in the 3rd and 4th centuries of Hijri and came under the rule of the Sassanids during the era of the independent Iranian narratives. Then it was sometimes in the hands of Al-Buyeh and sometimes in the hands of Samanis, until Al-Ziyar reached the place and tried to settle it. (Note that the city of Jurjan was destroyed in the Mongol attack and the current city of Gorgan was once called Estrabad.)
The Al-Ziyar family are the most well-known rulers of this region who ruled from the beginning of the fourth century (316 lunar year) to the middle of the fifth century (435 or 441 lunar year) in the region of Gorgan, Tabaristan and Gilan, and sometimes as far as Ray, Isfahan, Hamedan and They also had Dinor under their command. Mardavij, the founder of this dynasty, traces his roots to the past kings of Iran, and he wanted to seize Baghdad and establish the Iranian kingdom once again. However, not only him but also the rulers after him could not achieve such great dreams and the Seljuks ended their rule. Qaboos bin Washamgir is the most well-known ruler of Al-Ziyar, whose reputation for knowledge and friendship made great people like Abu Rihan al-Biruni and Ibn Sina go to Gorgan.
Biruni did some of his researches around the city of Gorgan and wrote his first important book, the works of al-Baqiyya on Qorun al-Khaliya under the name of Qaboos. Qaboos himself left a book named Qaboosnameh, which is one of the important literary and moral works of Iran. The building of Qaboos Tower in the city of Gonbadkavus was also built by his command, which is considered the largest brick building in the world.
Agricultural capacity of the province
Golestan province, as an agricultural pole, has a serious and pioneering presence in all fields of agriculture and animal husbandry, from growing wheat and cotton, horticultural products, and wood production to livestock breeding, fishing, fisheries, caviar extraction, etc.
This province ranks first in the production of soybeans with 60.3%, caviar with 56% and oilseed rape with 34% of the country's production.
wheat
The amount of wheat production in the province was 959,031 tons, which accounted for 55.7 percent of the country's total wheat production, and after Khuzestan province (12.3 percent), it is in the second place in the country's wheat production. (3.33% in blue and 66.7% in blue). The average yield per hectare of wheat in the province is 71.2 tons. (The average yield per hectare of irrigated hectare is 68.4 tons and dryland is 2.24 tons
Currently, there are 30 active wheat processing units in Golestan with a nominal annual production capacity of one million and 500 thousand tons of flour, which ranks first and third in terms of quality and quantity of wheat production in the country.
This year, 929,000 tons of wheat in excess of Golestan farmers' needs were purchased at a guaranteed rate, of which 600,000 tons were converted into flour in the factories of the province.
cotton
Cotton cultivation in Golestan, which a few decades ago occupied a significant part of the land of this province up to 188 thousand hectares and played a very effective role in the production and employment of the region, and even many workers from other provinces of the country, a few months from They used to come to this province every year to work in dozens of cotton ginning factories.
The boom of cotton cultivation and its cotton ginning factories in Golestan, later due to various reasons including high production costs and long period of plant growth and harvest (about eight months), low purchase price, weak support for this strategic product. And its import caused the reduction of its cultivation area to several thousand hectares in this province; However, in recent years, cotton cultivation has again attracted the attention of farmers.
The upward trend of cotton cultivation in the land of white gold this year has reached 17,300 hectares with a 70% increase compared to the previous year, it has opened a hope for returning to the golden age of this strategic product in this province.
Soybean
As the first soybean producer in the country, Golestan province has 30,000 hectares of land under soybean cultivation, from which 40,000 to 50,000 tons of soybeans are produced annually.
There are 4 oil extraction factories in Golestan province, which can produce 2,000 tons of oil per day, and Golestan has the first place in soybean production with more than 50,000 hectares of soybean cultivation.
In the current year, more than 21,050 hectares of agricultural land in Golestan province were dedicated to soybean cultivation, which was harvested by the soybean farmers of the province, which produced more than 36 thousand tons of products.
olive
Normally, the harvesting of canned olives starts from the beginning of Shahrivar and oil olives from November every year in Golestan and this harvesting continues for 45 to 60 days.
There are 9,307 hectares of olive orchards in the province, of which 5,707 hectares are fertile this year.
Most of the trees in the olive groves created in the province are from the cultivars of 'Kronaiki, Michan, Manza, Blidi, Arizona, Ariikn, Manzalia and Malkshahi'.
The rank of Golestan in creating olive groves among the provinces of the country is second in terms of cultivated area and sixth in terms of production.
15 olive processing units, both canned and oil, with an investment of 250 billion riyals are active in the province.
Saffron
Currently, the cultivated area of saffron in the province is about 235 hectares, of which 65 to 70 percent of the crops are more than three to four years old, and the rest are in the first and second years, which have not yet reached harvest. Saffron will be developed to 400 hectares in Golestan province.
At present, in Golestan province, only mountain villages of Azadshahr city including Wamnan, Kashidar, Sibchal and Narab villages are supported by saffron development.
Saffron cultivation is not done in other regions of the province, but experimental cultivations have been carried out in some other regions of the province, such as Shahkoh, Chaharbagh, and Maraveh Tepe, and when we reach a suitable result, saffron cultivation will be carried out in these or other regions with the coordination of the ministry. to give
The average yield of saffron per hectare in the province is 8 kg, which is about 2 kg more than the national average. Even in some saffron farms, we had a yield of 20 kg per hectare.
One of the merits of saffron produced in the province is that it is produced as a healthy product and no poison is used in the fields.
The saffron produced in the province is one of the best saffron products in the country in terms of quality evaluation indicators, according to the tests carried out in the reliable laboratories of Razavi Khorasan province.
Four people are directly employed for each hectare of saffron.
canola
The amount of rapeseed production in the province is 109,175 tons (30% irrigated and 70% rainfed), which accounts for 1.31% of the country's total rapeseed production and ranks first among the provinces of the country.
Khuzestan province ranks second in rapeseed production in the country with 16.9%. The amount of production of these two provinces alone includes 50% of the country's rapeseed production. The average yield per hectare of rapeseed in the province is 14.2 tons.
In Golestan, about 15 varieties of rapeseed are grown, including Hayolai 50, Hayolai 4815, Hayolai 559, RJS, Delgan and Terapol.
For many years, Golestan has the first place in rapeseed production in the country.
tomato
This year, the area under tomato cultivation is 4,700 hectares, and the expected yield of this product is 45 tons per hectare, and it is expected that more than 200,000 tons will be harvested from the fields.
Tomato cultivation starts from February and continues until the end of May, and the harvest of this product starts from the second half of June and continues until the middle of August.
Golestan is one of the top 10 provinces in the country in tomato production.
Golestan products are often converted into paste in processing factories in Golestan and other provinces, including Razavi Khorasan.
Sugar beet
This year, 122 beet growers of the province planted 1,82 hectares of Golestan land under the cultivation of this crop, and Gorgan beet growers had the highest yield with a harvest of 133 tons per hectare.
According to Golestan Agricultural Jihad, the guaranteed price of each kilo of sugar beet is 4258 rials, including the 15% transportation fee. The largest area of sugar beet cultivation in Golestan is related to the cities of Gorgan, Aliabad, Ramyan and Bandar Turkmen. Agricultural experts of Golestan believe that achieving self-reliance in sugar production, creating crop rotation and soil fertility, increasing the production of crops after beet cultivation such as wheat and generating high income are important goals of pursuing the replacement of sugar beet instead of water-rich crops such as rice in this province.
Golestan is one of the top 5 autumn sugar beet producing provinces in the country.
Rough Rice
In the current crop year, 10 thousand 800 tons of paddy (rice) were harvested from the surface of 1 thousand 800 hectares of land under the cultivation of this crop in the province.
Rice drying instead of traditional cultivation is one of the methods of dealing with drought in rice fields, which is welcomed by the farmers of Golestan.
The reduction of rainfall in recent years in Golestan and the damage caused by drought have caused special attention of experts to the method of rice drying and encouraging farmers to use this method.
Reducing water consumption is one of the most important reasons for the promotion of paddy cultivation in Golestan lands, so that water consumption can be reduced from 14 to 15 thousand cubic meters per hectare of traditional - flooded cultivation, depending on the variety, climate of the region, soil, farm management. Rice reduces to 6 to 11 thousand cubic meters.
Last crop year, more than 60 hectares of rice fields in Shali province were cultivated by dry farming method.
In this province, there are 126 rice threshing units with drying capacity of 16 thousand tons of paddy, and this capacity is fully used only for a few months of the year.
According to the report of the related institutions in Golestan, now 94 rice milling units under the cover of Jihad Agriculture Organization and 32 active rice milling units under the Industry, Mining and Trade Organization are working to convert paddy into rice.
Honey bee colony
The number of honey bee colonies in this province increased by 34% this month compared to the previous census period in 2016.
In this census, 212,000 bee colonies were registered by 3,880 operators in the cities of the province.
Honey bee breeding colonies in Golestan province are modern.
Honey bee breeding is one of Golestan's capacities due to having 230 thousand hectares of green surface in all seasons of the year.
Suitable weather, forest and mountain areas, the presence of 667 thousand hectares of various crops and fruit and flower gardens and medicinal plants are among the capacities of Golestan for establishing beehives in different parts of this province.
Golestan province, having seven climates out of 13 climatic climates in the world, is one of the areas prone to investing in bee breeding in the country.
The cities of Minodasht, Galikesh, Kalaleh, Azadshahr, Ramian, Galikesh, Aliabad, Bandargaz and Gorgan, located in the southern part of Golestan, are among the areas that are very prone to bee breeding in this northern province.
Animal products
According to the Golestan Agricultural Jihad report, this province has 970 active poultry breeding units with a hatching capacity of between eight and 8.5 million pieces per period and three million and 800 thousand livestock units with an annual production of 532 thousand tons of raw products and in some productions including Milk, red meat, chicken meat, eggs, and honey have the highest ranks among the provinces of the country and are considered to be the hubs of poultry and livestock breeding in the country.
Animal husbandry activities of the province mainly include: all kinds of livestock and poultry, bees, silkworms and aquatic animals.
Due to the existence of a significant livestock population, various livestock products, such as: raw milk, red meat, white meat (chicken and fish), eggs, honey, are produced in the province and as a result, a major part of the food needs The province and the country are supplied. Between 700 and 800 tons of chicken meat are produced daily in this province, and the majority of these products are bought by the residents of 12 provinces of the country.
Out of the total chicken meat produced in Golestan, only 70 to 80 tons are consumed by Golestan residents in normal conditions and 100 tons in peak days.
In Golestan province, there are 14 industrial poultry slaughterhouses with a nominal slaughter capacity of 44,000 live chickens per hour, of which 6 slaughterhouses have the international "IR" code for product export.
Poultry industry of Golestan as a production chain includes an important part of the agricultural economy of the province, which includes poultry farming units, export of chicken and its products, development of poultry feed production industries, mother hens, day-old chicks and half-meat breeding farms as desirable capital in The field of production, trade and export is this industry.
75% of the eggs produced in Golestan are consumed within the province and the rest are sent to other provinces.
Scientists
Mirmadad:
Mir Burhanuddin Mohammad Bagher Estrabadi, known as "Mirdamad", was an Iranian philosopher of the Safavid era and one of Mullah Sadra's professors. Mirdamad was also a mystic and a poet and was nicknamed "Eshraq".
Abu Sahl Isa bin Yahya the Christian:
He was born in 388 lunar year in Gorgan. He is one of the famous doctors of the 4th and 5th centuries of Hijri. He has two works known as al-ma'e fi-tab (in medicine) and fi-i-alum nazir (in natural sciences). It is said that his medical book was the shame of Ibn Sina in writing law.
Seyed Ismail Jurjani:
He is one of the famous doctors of Iran in the fifth century of Hijri and the author of the book "Khwarazmshahi Repository". His book is considered to be the first medical book written in Persian language. Aghraz al-Tab, Al-Tazkrah al-Ashrafiya fi al-Sanaa al-Tabiyyah and Yadgar are among his other works. He died in 531 lunar year.
Mirfendersky:
One of the scientists, philosophers and mystics of the Safavid era, who is the same era as Mirdamad, Sheikh Baha'i and Mulla Sadra. Mirfenderski was born in the village of Fendersk in 970 lunar year. He was also involved in natural wisdom, mathematics, physics and chemistry, and he also wrote poetry. Risalah Al-Sanayyeh and the article on Fe-Harak are among his works.
Manouchehr Farhang:
Manouchehr Farhang was an Iranian economist. He is considered the father of Iranian economics.
Ibn Sharafshah Estrabadi:
Ibn Sharafshah Estrabadi (718/717/715-645), a philosopher, scholar, grammarian and physician, was from the people of Estrabad.
Abu al-Qasim Hamza bin Ibrahim al-Sahmi:
He was born in 345 lunar year in Gorgan and died in 427 year in Neishabur. The history of Jurjan or the knowledge of the scholars of Jurjan is his best-known work, which contains the biographies of 1,194 hadith narrators from the people of Jurjan and its surroundings.
Sharif Jurjani:
Seyyed Ali Ibn Muhammad (740-816) was one of the theologians and philosophers of the Hanafi religion whom Shah Shuja al-Muzaffar (for whom Hafiz wrote poetry) called him to Shiraz for teaching. Amir Timur sent him to Samarkand, but after the death of Amir, he returned to Shiraz and died there. The definitions of Jurjani, the translation of the Qur'an, the examples, the use of Mir, Sughri and Kobri are among his works.
Shamsuddin Mohammad Jarjani:
A well-known writer, grammarian and theologian of Iran and the son of Seyyed Sharif Jarjani, who translated two books, Sughari and Kubri, from Persian to Arabic. The description of Ershad Taftazani in Arabic is one of his other works. He died in 838 in Shiraz.
Abdul Qahir Jarjani:
Writer and linguist and one of the founders of the knowledge of meanings and expressions. His works include Asrar al-Balaghah, Miracles of the Qur'an, Dalil al-Ijaz and Al-Maa'er al-Ma'e (hundred factors).
writers
Fakhruddin Asad Gorgani:
One of the story-telling poets of the 5th century of Hijri, who brought order to the old story of Weiss and Ramin. The history of this story goes back to the time of the Parthians. Fakhr al-Din put it in order and his work is considered the first love poem.
Lamati Gorganni:
Lamali Gorgani is an Iranian poet of the 5th century.
Halali Joghatai:
Badr al-Din (Nur al-Din) Helali Jaghatai Astarabadi (died 908) was one of the Persian-speaking poets of the 9th century AH.
Makhtumaghli Faraghi:
The great Turkmen poet whose poems have been translated into several languages. His mausoleum was built in the village of Aqtoqay Kalaleh.
Qaboos bin Washamgir:
King was an artist and writer, poet and calligrapher. He was the owner of Gorgan and Tabaristan and the son of Amir Vashamgir bin Ziyar.
Mohammad Sedghi Estrabadi:
Sultan Mohammad Sedqi Estrabadi (? AH in Estrabad - 952 AH in Kashan) Persian-speaking poet of the 10th century AH, poet, nicknamed Sedki. He was a resident of Estrabad and settled in Kashan. Sedekhi was considered one of the scholars of his time in the poetry of Ustad Mohtsham Kashani.
Fazlullah Haroubi Estrabadi (Naimi)
Nizam al-Din bin Hussain bin Majd al-Din Astrabadi:
Nizam al-Din bin Hossein bin Majd al-Din Astrabadi is one of the Shiite poets of the 9th and early 10th century AD. His Shiite religion is revealed by his poems about the religious Imams; Apart from that, he also composed Masnavis of Balqis and Sulaiman. In his poetry, he called Nizam.
writers
Kikavus son of Alexander:
Al-Maali Kikavus bin Iskandar bin Qaboos bin Washamgir bin Ziyar was a king from Ziyar tribe. Kikavus bin Iskandar is the owner of the valuable book Qaboos Namah.
Mirza Mehdi Estrabadi:
He is the son of Mohammad Nasir, the secretary of Nader Shah Afshar and one of the historians of that period who wrote two famous books Jahangasha Naderi and Dera Nadera about Nader Shah.
Bibi Khanam Estrabadi:
She is one of the writers of the constitutional era and the author of "Maayyib al-Rijal". She is considered the first woman satirist in Iran.
Abu Bakr Souli Jarjani:
Abu Bakr Souli Jurjani, a famous historian and writer of the 4th century AH, was born in one of the villages of Jurjan. Al-Wazir, Al-Auraq (in the political history of the Abbasid caliphs) is one of his most important works.
artists
Ahmadreza Esaadi: (born 1333 - Gorgan) is a movie actor from Iran.
Haideh Safiyari: (born in 1338, Gorgan) is an Iranian editor.
Barzo Niknejad: (born 1354 – Gorgan) is a cinema writer from Iran.
Ramtin Khodapanahi: director, actor and teacher of cinema and television was born in 1350 in an artistic family in Gorgan.
Mohammad Reza Lotfi: Mohammad Reza Lotfi (17 January 1325, Gorgan) is a well-known Iranian string player, radif and musician.
Abdul Hai Manshi Estrabadi: Abdul Hai Manshi Estrabadi (died: 907 A.H.) is one of the famous calligraphers of the 9th century AH, who became famous in the suspension line, and some consider him the author of the suspension line.
Sports veterans
Reza Sokhtesaraei: Sokhtesaraei is considered one of the best super heavyweight wrestlers in the history of Iranian wrestling.
Ramzan Khadr: runner-up of the World Wrestling Championships in 1972 in Turkey and a member of the national team in the 1976 Montreal Olympics in Canada.
Owais Mallah: Owais Mallah (Mallah) (born 1345) is a freestyle wrestler who won the 57 kg bronze medal in the World Wrestling Championships in 1991.
Ebrahim Mirzaei: Ebrahim Mirzaei (born on 7 Bahman 1318 in Gorgan) is an Iranian martial artist and the founder of Kung Fu Tua martial art.
Mohammad Mahdi Izad Panah: former captain and head coach of Iran's national basketball team.
Abolghasem Naseri: the coach of the national liver team in the Asian Olympic Games
Sports elite
Sardar Azmoun: national team player of the Islamic Republic of Iran and football player of Rubin Kazan team of Russia
Farhad Qaemi: national volleyball player of the Islamic Republic of Iran - world and Asian champion
Saber Kazemi: national volleyball player of the Islamic Republic of Iran - world and Asian champion
Adel Majalli: medalist of the world championships in rowing
Parham Maqsoodlou: chess phenomenon and world champion
Pejman Qala: getting a quota in the Olympics in Rio Brazil in the field of athletics
Bahman Salemi: World beach volleyball champions
Rahman Raofi: Beach volleyball champions of the world
Zahra Danai Tos: Getting a quota for the 2016 Brazil Olympics in sitting volleyball
Arash Kharmali: Olympic and world gold medals in sitting volleyball
Fatemeh Hossam: World champion in martial arts
Fatemeh Klasangiani: World Champion in Taekwondo
